Gender Differences In Aspects Of English Language Use

Sex Differences In Aspects Of English Language Use Language is to a great extent impacted by socialization, formed by molding and consistent support. At the point when guardians address youngsters they address young men and young ladies in various manners. As a rule, young ladies are dealt with all the more delicately and addressed all the more delicately. Young men are urged to play generally, to make a clamor and to be expressive, yet not to cry. Young ladies are urged to be less unruly and may cry however not yell. They are disheartened from communicating outrage. For young men, social desires are strengthened with articulations like You toss like a young lady, and Big young men dont cry. As youngsters create, these distinctions start to show all the more obviously in language. They become some portion of the correspondence style that is there forever. As indicated by Mayor, B (1996, page 64), as they develop young ladies and young men progressively separate their language use to mirror their sexual orientation jobs. Young ladies utilize more circuitous language than young men, and are bound to change their discourse styles in differing settings. Investigations of childrens play conduct show that young men are serious and fierce, and focus on the physical world, while young ladies are roundabout, collective and are keen on thought processes and sentiments. (Maybin, 1996 page 19). As a rule, young men and men are emphatic, autonomous and objective. Young ladies and ladies are accommodating, needy and emotional. Obviously, there is a wide scope of correspondence styles and practices inside every sexual orientation gathering, with most people utilizing different discussion styles relying upon the reason and setting, and furthermore whether they are in single sex gatherings. In blended organization ladies as a rule talk not as much as men, and are progressively obliging. They are less serious and attempt to carry others into the discussion. This could be on the grounds that ladies are raised to be respectful to men. They are increasingly reluctant and circuitous, utilize more label questions (isnt it? dont you figure?), increasingly affable structures (would you be able to potentially?) and by and large more fragile jargon (words like stunning and Oh dear). (Maybin, 1996 page 19). Men then again, intrude on more and give less input and backing. In circumstances that require formal discussion, for example, at meetings, conferences, or other blended sexual orientation social events, men will in general start a greater amount of the association. The individuals who talk most are seen to be pioneers. (Coates, 1998, p.469). Among themselves, ladies will in general talk more. They show more worry for the social parts of discussion. In solely male gatherings, men will in general spotlight more on exercises than on discussion (Coates, 1998, p.216). Obviously, these are summed up portrayals of conduct, and both genders can adjust their styles relying upon the unique circumstance. Maybin (1996, page 19) cites an investigation of court language where high-status, master female observers utilized manly styles, while lower status male observers utilized female style highlights. Dr. John Gray (creator of Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus) says that ladies impart for unexpected reasons in comparison to men do. At the point when men talk about issues, they are searching for arrangements, while when ladies examine issues they are sharing their emotions, since they locate this restorative. In this setting what ladies might want from men is sympathy, and not arrangements. The table on the accompanying page shows clear contrasts in correspondence styles among people. Men Ladies They attempt to take care of issues and inconveniences They attempt to coordinate difficulties by relating comparable negative encounters They have a progressively logical way to deal with issues They have a progressively passionate way to deal with issues They are less inclined to request help. They attempt to make sense of things all alone They are bound to request help and acknowledge it They are more assignment arranged (i.e., What is everybody going to do?) They are more support arranged (i.e., Is everybody OK?) They show up less natural and less mindful of subtleties They show up increasingly instinctive and progressively mindful of subtleties They have more trouble in communicating personal emotions They have less trouble in communicating personal emotions They are progressively adept to holler, yell and pledge to discharge outrage They are progressively adept to cry to discharge outrage They talk progressively about what they did, where they went and less about associations with others They talk progressively about how they feel and increasingly about associations with others They will in general think about verbal dismissal less literally They will in general think about verbal dismissal all the more literally (Glass, L. (1995) page 49). English has a characteristic sexual orientation, in contrast to numerous different dialects. (Obviously, it was not generally so; before 1154, Old English things despite everything utilized the Anglo-Saxon determined sexual orientations. (Bryson, B, 1990, page 49)). This implies words like lady, cow, ewe, are female due to their natural sex. Similarly, bull, kid and tomcat are manly. This normal sex alludes just to creatures and not to objects. Verifiably, certain callings procured sexual orientations: specialists, attorneys, legislators, designers, draftsmen and pastors were constantly male. Attendants, caretakers and typists would in general be female. These days, these callings are accurately sexual orientation free. There are likewise words with male endings, for example, administrator, mailman and fire fighter, which currently have choices: director, mailman and fireman. With respect to composing, ladies creators have would in general be under spoken to in many determinations of abstract writings. Scholars, for example, the Brontã « sisters and Mary Anne Evans needed to embrace male pen names (separately Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell, and George Elliot) even to get distributed. Aside from this sexual orientation based separation, there is additionally a solid inclination among numerous scholars that the composed, artistic language itself was for such a long time a male protect, that lady authors need their own phrase. In Thomas Hardys Far from the Madding Crowd, the champion Bathsheba clarifies that It is hard for a lady to characterize her sentiments in language which is predominantly made by men to communicate theirs (Quoted in Menham, R. 1995, page 136). Menham additionally cites from Virginia Wolf, who advances for another sort of composing that will take the normal state of a womans thought without squashing or misshaping it. In A room of Ones O wn she says that the assets of the English language would be quite put to the stretch, and entire trips of words would need to wing their route misguidedly into reality all together for female reasonableness to be satisfactorily investigated. She additionally connects maleness with a sterile realism and the points of control and guideline, and femaleness with a fruitful indiscipline, suddenness, abundance, an inventive irrationalism. (Menham, R (1995) page 137). Alluding to crafted by French scholar Hã ©lã ¨ne Cixous, Menham feels that her festival of womans composing impacts an extraordinary recorded inversion of the conventional qualities and shortcomings of male and female language-use. It gives a positive incentive to definitely those characteristics that men have consistently discredited in ladies: agitation, absence of power, affectability. (Menham, R (1995) page 138.) Taking everything into account, there is no uncertainty that there are contrasts in English language use, both in discourse and composing, in view of sexual orientation. The greater part of these appear to be because of socialization since the beginning. The unique, customary sexual orientation jobs and desires shaded the manner in which youngsters were raised and instructed, and in numerous regards these impacts are still set up. Ideally, as current social orders kill the to a great extent fake generalizations of sex based jobs and practices, we will all have the option to encounter, and well-spoken, the full panoply of human enthusiastic and scholarly experience, paying little heed to sexual orientation.

Does Rap Music Promote Violence Essay Research free essay sample

Raps Music Promote Violence Essay, Research Paper Since the late 1980 # 8217 ; s accuse music has been known as the Anti Christ in our human progress, as a result of it # 8217 ; s claimed impact in individuals # 8217 ; s life. People groups swear here and there that the music is the reason individuals, exceptionally the youngster resort to fierce offenses. I think by expressing this they are trying to conceal the existent truth by giving straightforward answers. Rap is characterized as a way of famous music comprising of jury-fixed rimes performed to a cadenced attendant. The principal accuse vocal was made in the late 70 # 8217 ; s, the vocals were seven to eight proceedingss long and was to a great extent utilized in minimal nines to move to. It didn # 8217 ; t really go well known until the mid 80 # 8217 ; s. Over the mature ages it has become standard music, everybody is tuning in to it. In the last four mature ages rap made up 60 % of music purchased in shops in the United States. We will compose a custom article test on Raps Music Promote Violence Essay Research or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In 1989 a neighborhood bunch called N.W.A. ( Niggaz Wit Attitudes ) originated from out of L.A. furthermore, changed fault, which was the beginning of Gangsta Rap. In their wordss they discussed offense, road power and murdering. When they were an enormous hit, it got on, and genuinely that # 8217 ; s when this lunacy began. Everybody began knaping Gangsta way. An ever increasing number of individuals began knaping about constabulary savagery and murdering individuals and with that offense rose to high degrees. In my estimation it # 8217 ; s non the inventive people or the record organization # 8217 ; s botch that offense rose. It # 8217 ; s non their obligation to take care of each person who tunes in to their music. In all these mature ages of fault however there are three individuals who took the most horrible judgment from the people. Dr. Dre was one, after N.W.A. separated he proceeded to make his ain thing, and after he discharged # 8220 ; The Chronic # 8221 ; he turned into a star. He assumed fault to a higher degree where it neer been previously and I feel that frightened a group of individuals. He was knaping about push by # 8217 ; s, holding sex with 100s of grown-up females, soaking up intoxicant every one of the twenty-four hours, etc. By this clasp the offense rate was high as can be and a clump of individuals where searching for simple answers. It was generally those rare sorts of people who just didn # 8217 ; t like fault from the beginning that stood up and attempted to blue pencil it. Most rappers cherished the way Dr. Dre made, thus they attempted to take the way and make a big deal about their ain. Alongside Dr. Dre he helped a lifting star Snoop Doggy Dog to go an enormous star by visitor looking on his # 8220 ; The Chronic # 8221 ; collection. Sneak discharged # 8220 ; Doggy Style # 8221 ; and it was a hit. His way like Dr. Dre made it a hit. It was his top of the line collection to day of the month. Congress attempted each way they could t o keep up youngster from tuning in to this music since they felt it was doing them submit offenses. Sneak was charged non to crave after his discharge for killing which he without further ado was seen non as blameworthy. They made a mark for CD # 8217 ; s and tapes that said # 8220 ; Parental Advisory Explicit Lyrics # 8221 ; which truly in my notion didn # 8217 ; t make exorbitantly a lot. This way guardians could be perceptive of the sort of music their childs tune in to and could take in the event that they would wish to let them to hear it out. In the event that you plunk down and accept about it, when you purchase a Cadmium you by it since you need to hear it out, you wear # 8217 ; t really pay taking care of that little mark. Other than you see little childs no more seasoned so 11 strolling about tuning in to Lil # 8217 ; Kim, Tupac, and all other accuse inventive people reviling up a tempest. . . what # 8217 ; s with that? Why didn # 8217 ; t the guardians say anything regard ing that, they have power over their children, yet pundits and Congress accuse the rappers. The third grown-up male to take the most warmth who despite everything keeps on being Tupac Shakur. They state he was the best rapper alive and the best which I other than accept is valid. He has been in issue with the statute and open since his first collection to even now after his perish. He was captured for army charges, for example, battery, endeavored killing, and colza. In 1994 two 17-year-olds variable some constabulary officials and said they did in light of the fact that they heard it in Tupac # 8217 ; s music. Pundits accused him from the beginning with his to unrefined wordss. Why implication him he didn # 8217 ; t state them to travel shoot constabulary officials? For as far back as three mature ages, C. Delores Tucker has been talking and fighting fault wordss expressing that they are hurtful to the soul of dark youngster. She other than documented a $ 10 million dollar body of evidence against the home of Tupac Shakur asserting that his vocals environing her in two vocals on the 1996 collection # 8220 ; All Eyez On Me # 8221 ; do criticize remarks. She went into a council and said that the stinging she experienced those vocals has influenced her sexual coexistence with her hubby. What kind of since does that do? Simply one more individual trying to awful oral depression censure music for they # 8217 ; re ain individual expansion. Congress says they are # 8220 ; worried about children # 8217 ; s presentation to music with adult substance, # 8221 ; yet really can # 8217 ; t make too much since they need to regard the main correction which says we have # 8220 ; Freedom of Speech. # 8221 ; In two areas they have declared projects to perchance edit amateurs from go toing shows or buy things that could consolidate # 8220 ; disagreeable # 8221 ; stuffs. I # 8217 ; m non making a trip to express that some adolescent won # 8217 ; t hear some out accuse music and s ecure the erroneous idea, however that other than can go on with different kinds of music, for example, Alternative music which craftsmen like Hole, Marilyn Manson, and the gathering Korn are enormous stars. On the off chance that you notice Korn is the gathering that the # 8220 ; Trench Coat Mafia # 8221 ; tuned in to before they chose to travel hit up a school. In the get bringing down the president, and all other prominent individuals said they should set an end to this music referencing to Korn and Marilyn Manson. This was last twelvemonth how frequently have you found out about that now. Sen. Joe Liebermann, and Raymond Kuntz, a Burlington, N.D. , grown-up male said his 15-year-old kid murdered himself in the wake of tuning in to the dubious stone gathering Marilyn Manson. Sets like that are noted for communicated wordss and shows, how often have you caught wind of ending them. They wear # 8217 ; t set that much force in looking to control Rock or Alternative music, yet will us e all their vitality to stop a signifier of music that sells all the more so 50% of the United States music. John Woods, fellow benefactor of a grassroots enemy of oversight association said in an explanation that most surges on the music business are energized by lawmakers and gatherings, for example, the Christian Coalition and the American Family Association. Later he other than said â€Å"Quite only, the government specialists, area authoritiess and nearby authoritiess are actually skilfully using the dispute made by profound associations trying to completely render the First Amendment of the United States Constitution to be a relic from the days gone by in the contribution of inferring more prominent command over society as a whole.† I for one concur with that announcement. Dave Marvin, a representative for area Sen. Dale Shugars, said the Michigan Republican is taking a shot at a measure to be sent to the area Legislature in July. The measure would ticket site owners who grant amateurs except if joined by an adult to go to shows or buy music that has vi olative Acts of the Apostless or address. The executive of Pearl Jam, L-7, Rage Against the Machine, and rappers like JayZ, Ice Cube, Master P, and Russell Simons late said that they will blacklist any area that passes a law, for example, that. â€Å"It’s up to the imaginative people to gracefully a truly necessary spinal section for the business by using their celebrities’ position to practically pull the line in the sand to express the manque blue pencils to stuff it in the event that they are outraged in light of the fact that we have a First Amendment vouching our opportunity of look, † Woods said. One grown-up male they asked off the road said â€Å"Why do I disdain fault? Well I surmise the figure 1 ground I loathe fault is the inadequacy of blessing that a rapper needs. All the music is man-made, made on machines. Something else I don’t obtain about fault is that numerous rappers utilize the â€Å"Gangsta rap† subject. At that point when a rapper gets murdered, it’s a surprise! They simply rap about what they know! Truly, have individual killed is appalling, however in the event that they rap about it and they state how they were raised in it, will be it genuinely a surprise? † Recently a clump of requests have been asked to anybody trying to assume up for accuse music. Does knap music advance power? The most widely recognized answer was truly, and the killing of Tupac Shakur and Notoruis B.I.G. demonstrates it. Those were some tragic expires yet you can’t flaw only knap totally for that go oning. Tupac didn’t executing Biggie, and Biggie didn’t killing Tupac some thick individuals who had nil else to make did. At the point when you consider it, doesn’t remote, movies, and broadcasting advance power in addition, so you can’t try to blue pencil one thing of power and non another. There was another request that was Should accuse music be edited? A few answers were truly, y et most were no. They couldn’t do it in any case it would be against the primary change. Another was Does knap music make a positive part to society? No 1 addressed that request however I figure I will. Indeed it does, knap isn’t just a cash doi

Trait Theory of Leadership Guide

Trait Theory of Leadership Guide Leadership is often portrayed as something that sets you apart from the crowd. Something that makes you stand out as better than others.This means that as you strive to become a great leader, you start working on achieving the skills you don’t have. You endeavor to perfect yourself, often to become what other people will call a great leader.Leadership stems from the inside as it seeks to achieve a goal. This goal is never for personal gain but always for the greater good. As much as the leader will benefit in leading others, the most important thing for him is to see the lives of others changed for the better.With fewer leaders than followers, many would desire to become leaders. The reasons abound: social status, more money, perceived ability to make people do what you want done etc.But what is leadership really about?Leadership has earned itself many different meanings over the years. Not because it keeps changing but because there are many ways of looking at it.Various explanati ons have been given as to how leadership came into being and how to spot a leader from a distance. These are more commonly known as theories of leadership.In this guide, we will discuss the Trait Theory of leadership. You will learn how it came into existence, what it proposes, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the theory.THE TRAIT THEORYThe trait theory is one of the oldest theories in existence seeking to describe great leadership. It developed off the great man theory which was popularized by the Scottish philosopher and teacher Thomas Carlyle in the 1840s.Thomas Carlyle gave lectures on leadership in 1840 and cited highly influential figures of society with both divine and poetic abilities. These included Muhammad, Shakespeare, Napoleon, Cromwell and Odin (Norse Mythology).These became very popular and brought to the fore the idea that great leadership was based on certain endowments the leaders had.Having been influenced by Carlyle’s work, Francis Galton wrote a book in 1869 called Hereditary Genius, in which he described leadership as an immutable property endowed to extraordinary individuals.Apart from the qualities of leadership being immutable, Galton believed that they could also not be developed. They were simply inborn.For a long time, this line of thinking was embraced until the late 1940s when some theorists began registering different perspectives of leadership.Since the great man theory had shown the qualities of great leaders as what made them great, studies about the trait theory did not deviate from that. These studies centered on the traits exhibited by those leaders since these are what could be observed.The research and studies spanned many years but the biggest contributions towards the development of this theory were made by a few notable researchers.Below we look at some of the contributions in the order in which the findings were published. This theory enjoyed a lot of attention over the years, including being rejected at o ne point. It however got a new lease of life later and still exists in some circles.1948Ralph Melvin Stogdill makes public his conclusions of research and analyses. The analyses included work by other researchers spanning between 1907 and 1947.In this duration, Stogdill compiled many findings from various studies, including one from Smith and Kruger (1933) which had concluded that leadership occurred among all people and not just “special people.”There were two major conclusions by Stogdill as seen in his findings.#1. The number of times a trait was investigated was not directly related to its importance for leadership. He noted that some leadership traits had received more attention than others yet this did not prove that those with them were better than those with more of other traits.For example, he found the trait Technical Skills in 18 different studies. He however found the trait Intellectual Skills in only 12 studies. From his studies, technical skills were not more impor tant than intellectual skills.The importance of this was to point to specific traits which were more important than others. In narrowing down the list of traits, it would have been easier to pinpoint potential leaders. Also, it would have been easier to identify those regarded as great leaders in history.#2. The traits possessed by a leader must be relevant to the situation in which he is functioning. In essence, this meant that leaders in one situation may not necessarily be leaders in other situations.Stogdill reached this conclusion by analyzing the group situations which had been used in many of the studies done. Whereas a certain group existed within certain situations, another existed in a different situation.Looking at the leaders in both groups showed them to have different traits exhibited as required for the situations their groups were in. This conclusion is what brought about a new perspective to leadership research.The general conclusion by Stogdill at this point was th at traits alone could not be accurately used to define a leader. The success of the leader had to be studied on the basis of both the traits he had and the situation he was in.This set the stage for widespread rejection of the trait theory as many scholars agreed that specific traits in a leader could only be useful in specific situations. As such, if someone had traits initially deemed to be leadership traits but the situation didn’t require their use, then he could not become an effective leader.After this rejection, some theories seemed to replace the trait theory. Some of them were the contingency model of leadership, managerial grid, situational leadership and transactional leadership.The traits which Stogdill concluded to be important for leadership were Intelligence, Alertness, Insight, Responsibility, Initiative, Persistence, Self-confidence and Sociability.1959Richard D. Mann, a professor at the University of Michigan conducted a study on many findings about leadership. M ann focused on the findings about personality and leadership in small groups.Although he used more than 1,400 study results, Mann did not consider situational factors as of great importance in leadership. As such, his study suggested that indeed personality traits could be used to positively distinguish leaders from non-leaders.Mann’s conclusions have been said to be tentative. All the same, his work earns a place in the history of the trait theory since from his findings, he listed some traits which he saw as important for leadership.These traits are Intelligence, Masculinity, Adjustment, Dominance, Extroversion and Conservatism.1974Studies on leadership did not stop and after his conclusions in 1948, Stogdill did more research. He analyzed 163 studies of leadership traits done between 1948 and 1970. He then compared the findings in this analysis with those he had in his initial analysis (1948).The findings he published were more balanced in terms of acknowledging the need for le adership traits as well as the role played by the situation. Interestingly, the same man whose work caused the rejection of the trait theory was now presenting evidence supporting the importance of leadership traits.Some of the key findings in comparison to his previous survey include:Physical characteristics were not important for leadership. Initially, characteristics like height and weight had been mentioned as important for a leadership position. These were however proven to be complementary to a leader but not necessary. An example of how this was not crucial for leadership is by considering basketball players. Generally, good basketball players are tall. However, that does not automatically make them great leaders. In fact, their coaches are not necessarily as tall as the players.High levels of energy contributed to the success of a leader. Highly successful leaders exhibited high levels of energy which helped the leader engage in physical activities. High energy levels also h elped in the natural motivation of followers.The age factor. Leadership was noted as something that starts early. Put differently, the potential to become a leader is evident from an early age. It had been assumed that only mature people could lead or have the ability to lead.Stogdill’s second survey showed that leaders showed signs of great achievement from an early age. And since what is evident in them is mainly their traits, this helped the theory further cement its place.The traits that Stogdill’s second survey concluded to be important for leadership are Achievement, Persistence, Insight, Initiative, Self-confidence, Responsibility, Cooperativeness, Tolerance, Influence and Sociability.1986Mann’s (1959) findings were reassessed by Lord, DeVader, Alliger (1986). They used meta-analysis to find out just how consistent the study results were. They intended to identify the traits which significantly impacted how people perceived leaders.This happened at a time when male lea dership was most prevalent in business and society. As such, it was quite natural that the traits picked would be reflective of the male gender. The traits identified by these researchers as important for leadership were Intelligence, Masculinity and Dominance.1991Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) argued in favor of the uniqueness of leaders. They stated that leaders were very different from non-leaders and the difference was in the traits they exhibited.In their conclusions, they cited a 20-year study by psychologists Ann Howard and   Douglas Bray. This study found that from a sample of ATT managers, the desire for advancement determined the attainment of success twenty years later. This was seen as drive towards success.Whereas some individual managers showed less ambition than others, one of those rated as ambitious was ready to leave the company if his aspirations were thwarted. He would also make the same move if he found the challenge lacking.They identified six traits as different iating between leaders and other people. These are Drive, Motivation, Integrity, Confidence, Cognitive Ability and Task Knowledge.2004Towards the turn of the millennium, social intelligence made it to the list of traits to be studied. It was established that an effective leader is one who was socially intelligent. This is defined as the ability of a leader to understand his own feelings as well as those of others.Part of what constituted social intelligence was social awareness, social acumen and self-monitoring. These had already been seen as being necessary for effective leadership and had been identified by several studies done on leadership traits.Zaccaro, Kemp, and Bader (2004) concluded that the traits which were important for leadership could be said to be a combination of good levels of both IQ (Cognitive Intelligence) and EQ (Emotional Intelligence).The traits they listed were Cognitive Abilities, Extroversion, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Openness, Agreeableness , Motivation, Social Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence and Problem Solving skills.2006 and beyondThe trait theory can be said to be undergoing more development since more studies on leadership traits are being carried out. These further studies seem to be fueled by the lack of a complete list of traits needed for leadership.A major trait coming up in studies is charisma. Charisma makes you attractive. Others say it is charming, even bewitching. In itself, it is a powerful tool, at least going by how it enables those with it to gain massive loyalty and commitment from followers.Jung and Sosik (2006) reported findings from a study intended to distinguish between charismatic and non-charismatic leaders. They found that highly charismatic leaders showed high levels of self-monitoring, self-actualization, motive to attain social power and self-enhancement.One of the most popular leaders labeled as a charismatic leader was Barack Obama. He was very articulate and managed to deeply conn ect with many Americans.In other studies, Hoffman, Woehr, Maldagen-Youngjohn, Lyons (2011) found that charisma played a significant role in the success of a leader.TRAITS FOR LEADERSHIPPassing through several hands, this theory has not managed to settle on an exhaustive list of traits required to make one an effective leader.Various researchers have come up with different traits which are meant to be credentials for leadership. As mentioned earlier, the biggest challenge in adopting this theory wholeheartedly is the fact that purely on the basis of traits, an effective leader in one situation may not be as good in another.All the same, we discuss below some of the traits listed by the researchers. After that, we will look at the major strengths and weaknesses of this theory.InitiativeThis theory identified taking initiative as one of the traits required for leadership. It is obvious that not many people take initiative.This is mainly due to the fear of making a mistake. Normally, y ou wouldn’t want to be blamed when things go wrong. It is just natural that people want to stay safe. This tendency to prefer safety and maintain the status quo is what leaders lack.Leaders would rather have a solution that is not perfect then work on improving it. To them, this is way better than having a problem remain unsolved for the sake of being safe. They would rather be wrong but try out something.Watch the below video on the importance of initiative. This can also be seen as risk taking. This risk taking is however not poorly thought out. Leaders usually have more knowledge than the followers thus able to make good-enough decisions. This is possible even in situations where there isn’t a lot of information available.Leaders always subject themselves to learning and this is obviously how they get ‘extra’ knowledge. It could be the formal attendance of school or just gaining it through experience in handling many problems.Knowledge of the businessThis makes the leader stand out from the crowd in that the leader will more often than not have answers which others do not have.Before getting into a certain field or industry, any leader will normally have done his homework well. Although there can never be perfect preparation, they do it well enough to be able to run things. Apart from research, things work best if the leader has hands-on knowledge of the core business.In acquiring knowledge, you will find that leaders do not just focus on their industries only. If they did this, then they would quickly get stuck. Leaders learn about everything that affects what they are doing.For example, if he is in the manufacturing industry, he will not be interested in his competition only. He will also seek knowledge about the industry supplying him with raw materials. More than that, he will learn as much as possible about the market he sells to.It is not uncommon for leaders to be well informed about the industries which are not necessarily related to their b usiness but whose instabilities can affect him.For example, the financial sector may not have a direct relation with his business. But he understands that if there are certain risks which face that industry, they can cause the banks to come up with unfavorable terms for lending.Such knowledge which the average person may not have is what enables the leader make wise decisions, even ahead of time.Cognitive skillsThere is no doubt that leaders are smart people. Not that others aren’t, but there is a difference in the level of smartness. Part of it can be explained by some of the traits already discussed, like knowledge.Still, something else is required.Leaders have developed their minds so as to be able to provide solutions. They understand that the world is full of challenges and so they take it as their responsibility to provide solutions.Though they may not be the most educated in the specific industry, they have sufficiently developed themselves for the task at hand. Leaders wil l normally engage others who are specialized than they are but can also put in the effort to manage things with little help when necessary.Cognitive skills are easily seen when decisions need to be made. Especially in the absence of enough information about a situation. This is where quick thinking is needed, yet it also has to produce positive results.Energetic and self drivenLeaders will always have the ability to do a lot of work. Not necessarily overwork themselves, but they can go for long hours without resting. This is mostly needed when they are starting a new project or when there is an issue which needs sorting.As people who take the initiative, they naturally push themselves to the limit to get the solution that is needed. Leaders always look to establish the change that is needed for a better life.You will see them attend long meetings, work long hours, consult many experts and do a lot of research. They will be self-driven towards achieving their goals and rarely need ex ternal motivation.Although this becomes more evident during crises, leaders have this ability inside them and it sets them apart from non-leaders.During normal times, this energy is seen through the way they interact with other people. For example, leaders are rarely gloomy or lacking in motivation. They are always psyched up and ready to tackle the challenges of the day.FlexibilityIt is required that a leader should have the ability to make or adapt to changes when necessary so as to remain relevant during different times. The short video below talks of the importance of flexibility in leadership. For example, political leaders who have been in politics for a long time will always show this trait. This gives them the ability to present themselves as worthy candidates despite some apparent limitations like age.Whereas many young politicians may get into politics and capture the minds of many people, these older politicians will have a way of somehow going through a “re-birth” to maintain their public appeal.Another area of leadership that makes flexibility crucial is partnerships.As much as leaders are great, have the visions and can do a lot of work by themselves, they still need people to work with.Having the vision and being followed by people does not mean calling all the shots. In fact, such a perspective to leadership often costs the leader his followers as his influence quickly wanes.As a leader, people follow you because they believe you have their interests at heart. As such, you should always be open to hear their opinions. As much as you may even be sure that their ideas won’t work, you should be able to listen to them.In the midst of your followers, you may also have some experts in areas you are not well versed in. These people will give you thoughts and opinions which will help you achieve your goal faster or more easily.ConfidenceAt whatever level of leadership and with whatever number of followers, confidence is critical. Without confiden ce, as a leader you will not be able to express yourself well. This means that you will not be able to prove that you have the solution.If you are to take up a leadership position, you must have confidence.Without confidence, a leader will not be able to even stand before an audience to speak yet addressing people is a common requirement. When things get tough, confidence is not only required but becomes necessary to be showcased. Not only in speech but also in action.Confidence is required in all aspects of leadership. From the pursuit of more knowledge to the need to make decisions when everyone else is afraid.It is confidence that makes you decide to pursue your goals in the first place. You first become confident that you have the solution then decide to go forth and implement it.With your confidence, you are then able to rally people together and explain to them the problem and the solution you have. This is where you ask for their support. If lacking confidence, you will not b e able to do these things.Results? You will be frustrated that you have the solution to people’s problems but you cannot tell them about it. More than that, you have this burning desire inside you pushing you to follow your dreams but you are not confident enough to do it.IntegrityBeing a leader does not mean that you can do anything you want with no-one asking you questions. On the contrary, it means that you should only do what is right. Whether you are alone or in the presence of others.Integrity has two main aspects to it:Honesty â€" you have to speak the truth and act accordingly at all times. Speaking the truth means being very clear with your words and acting in line with them. This is to avoid being labeled a fraud or someone who is manipulating others for some selfish interest. Honesty must come from your heart as this is the only way to guarantee that your actions will follow through. In the absence of honesty, you have lies. When discovered to be a liar, you lose both y our credibility and much of what you have worked for so far.Accountability â€" being a leader does not give you the monopoly of control over everything. You have to be answerable to some people. Although this may seem a bit limiting, it is actually for your good because it makes you responsible.For example, as a leader, you may be given to making quick decisions which at times are not well thought out. These actions may very well bring in benefits. But since there are people who have invested in you by giving their support, they need to be comfortable with how things are progressing.As such, you may have to update them on critical situations before making a decision, share the minutes of crucial meetings and even be open to audits.You will realize the importance of accountability when an issue comes up and the people you are accountable to give evidence that you are an upright person. One who can be trusted because you do things openly.Emotional intelligenceEmotional intelligence is the ability to recognize and manage your own emotions as well as those of others. This is very important because people mainly interact from an emotional perspective and not necessarily an intellectual one.For example, when a leader in a company gets information that employees are on a go-slow, he knows that this can have a big impact in the company’s profitability. He needs to deal with the problem quickly and effectively.He finds out from the manager the reason for the go-slow. He knows what to do. He has the solution. But does he go straight into telling the employees what the solution is and implementing it? No.As much as those employees have brains and can think, what they probably want is not a solution per se. What they want is to know and feel that their needs are being taken care of. Therefore, they want to be listened to and feel understood.The importance of this is that the leader may not even need to implement anything.If the employees are angry and are carrying out d emonstrations, he needs to first of all recognize that emotions are at work. At this point, he needs to keep his own emotions in check lest the employees interpret his interaction with them as unreasonable and dictatorial.Only the leader who has emotional intelligence will be able to calm people down when they are angry, motivate them when they are low and encourage them when they are downcast. These are common situations in every leader’s life.Here’s a video on emotional intelligence and its four dimensions. STRENGTHS OF THE THEORYThe trait theory of leadership has several strengths which make it worth mentioning every time there is a discussion on leadership theories. These are:Supports the general idea that leaders are distinctiveThis theory does not try to show that anyone can become a leader. Since great leaders achieve goals others can only dream of, they often come across as a somewhat special kind of people.There will always be a lot of marvel at the abilities which lead ers exhibit and their followers always speak well of them. This confirms the generally-accepted premise that leadership is not for everyone.Supporting this line of thought makes this theory stand well with many people.It is supported by a lot of researchThis theory enjoyed a lot of research and gained widespread acceptance as a result of it.This is usually the norm with any subject that receives a lot of attention. And in the case of this theory, the various people who devoted time to study it generally agreed on the basics. The only part of it where there were some variations was in the specific traits for leadership.Provides a benchmark for identifying leadersProviding specific traits was an obvious win for this trait. It made it possible to pinpoint potential leaders because they had certain traits.At the same time, although the theory fronts the idea that leaders are born and not made, it was still possible to nurture the traits identified. Also, anyone who felt like they were m eant to be leaders could use the traits identified as a sort of yardstick by which to gauge his potential.WEAKNESSES OF THE THEORYNothing under the sun is perfect. As good as the trait theory was, it had its own shortcomings. These are what critics picked on. Below are some of the weaknesses of the trait theory.The list of traits is not exhaustive â€" whereas the theorists agreed on the basics of the theory, they provided slightly different lists of traits. With some lists being longer than others, this theory has largely been criticized for being too general.All the focus is on the leader â€" although great leaders have various skills to help them in their roles, situations also determine the level of success a leader achieves. This theory does not factor in situations and so cannot adequately compare between two leaders in different situations. Also, the people being led matter. There are those who are easy to lead while others are difficult. At the same time, the traits are not a bsolute but relative. The traits can vary in degree and no-one can have 100% of all the traits identified.Leadership training and improvement is impossible â€" since the theory states that the traits are innate, it becomes impossible to talk of training or helping a leader become better. This wrongly implies that as long as the traits identify a leader, then he is good to go.Some traits are not really innate â€" some of the traits identified are not actually inborn. For example, self-confidence can be developed. This makes the theory subject to a lot of reasonable and scientific criticism, reducing the extent to which it can be embraced.Traits do not guarantee a leader’s effectiveness â€" Judge, Piccolo, Kosalka (2009) concluded that whereas a leader’s traits are openly visible to the followers, they do not offer any assurance that the individual will be an effective leader.This is true especially when you consider that first of all, no single person possesses all the traits id entified. Secondly, when situations change, the current leader may need to utilize some of the traits which he doesn’t have.SELF-TESTThere is a way to assess whether you are a potential leader. This particular method works by checking your abilities as per the traits identified by this theory.To ensure you have the right perspective towards your abilities, this test provides a questionnaire to be answered by you and five other people.The other people are those who know you and could be either friends, family or colleagues at work. You can take it to learn where you stand as far as the leadership traits are concerned.CONCLUSIONAs one of the oldest leadership theories, the trait theory has definitely had its mark on the study of leadership.The fact that it boasts over a century of research has given it a lot of strength but it still attracted criticism.This is normal as no single theory can be perfect.

Assignment 301 Task B - 1346 Words

Unit 301: Understanding roles, responsibilities and relationships in education and training Assignment 301B: Reflective Account Name: Alan Blackham On reflection, promoting appropriate behaviour, equality and diversity, along with identifying the needs of the learner are integral roles within teaching. It is important to promote appropriate behaviour and respect for others to achieve a safe learning environment, that is orderly, co-operative and purposeful. A good way to initiate this is by establishing ground rules and set boundaries at the start of the course. This can be a dual input exercise, with both the students and the tutor having input, whilst ensuring the tutor’s†¦show more content†¦With this in mind all tutors should be mindful and uphold the basics set out in The Equality Act 2010, which ultimately protects the rights and equality of all individuals, prohibiting victimization. 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An Assignment On Counseling And Counseling - 1321 Words

Task 1: Counselling Skills- Counselling is a process which enables a person to resolve personal or psychological problems by the provision of professional assistance and guidance reach decisions affecting their life. Counselling is sought out at times of change or crisis. Talking therapies such as counselling can be used to help with many different mental health conditions, including: †¢ Depression †¢ Anxiety †¢ Eating Disorders †¢ Drug misuse. Counselling aims to help you deal with and overcome issues that are causing emotional pain or making you feel uncomfortable. It allows you to explore difficult feelings which you wouldn’t be able to on your own. The counsellor is there to support and respect you and your views. They won’t usually give you advice but they’ll guide you and help you find your own insights and understanding of your problems. 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Productive and Counterproductive Behavior Free Essays

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors An organization will have employees with one of two behavior types. They can either be productive or counterproductive. The root cause of counterproductive behavior can be rooted in employee turnover, attendance issues, or lack of training. We will write a custom essay sample on Productive and Counterproductive Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is up to the organization to make an attempt to identify what the causes of their employees’ counterproductive behavior and attempt to find a workable solution. Productive Behavior and its Impact on an Organization Employers want productive behavior out of their employees because productive employees create revenue for the organization. However, employees tend to think just because they are doing â€Å"something† and not idle they are being productive. Their way of thinking would be incorrect. Productive behavior is â€Å"employee behavior that contributes positively to the goals and objectives of the organization† (Jex Britt, 2008). As we can see merely doing something to occupy ones time is not being productive. Whether or not an employee is being productive can be measured by the cost associated with the employee’s performance and how effective they are. For example, there are two employees in a shoe store with similar sales figures and they sell the same number of shoes each month. The only difference in these two employees is that employee A works ten hours per day and employee B works a six-hour day. Employee B is the more productive employee because employee B accomplishes the same goal in fewer hours. There is a lower cost associated with employee B making him the more productive employee. Efficient employees are productive because they complete large amount of work in a short period of time. When employees are being productive they are concentrating on performing â€Å"core tasks† (Jex Britt, 2008) and are bringing in revenue for the organization. An organization with productive employees will see less employee absences and in their turnover rate. Counterproductive Behavior Counterproductive behavior is â€Å"behavior that explicitly runs counter to the goals of an organization† (Jex Britt, 2008). Employees who are counterprodtive may be employees who have issues with absenteeism or frequently tardy, substance abuse, they may steal from the employer, or simply have â€Å"ineffective job performance† (Jex Britt, 2008). Any behavior that prevents an employee from conducting their job and producing for the employer is considered counterproductive. An Employee who take all day to complete a task because they are there all day and getting paid by the hour is an employee that is counterproductive. Another behavior that is counterproductive is an employee that uses unsafe practices at work. By not following safety rules employees can cause an injury to themselves or to another causing the employee to miss work. As previously stated, absenteeism is a counterproductive behavior. Strategies to Increase Productive Behavior To increase productive behavior in an organization and decrease counterproductive behavior an organization must investigate the cause. Sometimes the reason an employee is counterproductive are out of the employees’ control. For situations that are within the employees’ control, the organization must clearly outline their expectations for their employees. An organization must also outline the consequences for such negative behavior. Drug and alcohol testing and an attendance guidelines policy can be established. These policies will let the employee know what is expected of them and the consequences for not complying. The organization should also make efforts to understand why their employees are not coming to work (Associated Content, 2007). There are times when a personal issue can have its affect on an employees’ behavior. An organization can begin an employee assistance program that would offer counseling to employees if such a program were within the organizations budget. Lack of training and the appropriate tools for performing necessary job functions are factors that are out of the employees’ control. The organization needs to ensure all of their employees have all the proper tools. They can easily do a visual survey and question employees asking them what tools they could use to better perform their job function. Organizations must also ensure all of their employees have the proper training. If employees are not adequately trained they do not know how to perform their job functions. Organizations must adequately train or retrain if necessary any and all employees that require training. At times performing follow up training with all employees ensures employees are all on the same page as far as what their specific job functions are. Performance appraisals also need to be performed on all employees in order for them to know how they are performing in according with their job expectations. These performance appraisals will also serve as a tool to help the employee improve their performance and productivity. A performance appraisal should also be used to praise employees and let them know what they are doing that makes a positive impact on the organization (hrVillage, n. d. ). Both of productive and counterproductive behaviors have their impact on an organization. There are a number of reasons an employee can be counterproductive. Once the root cause has been identified an organization can begin to turn the counterproductive behavior into productive behavior. References Associated Content. (2007). Call Centers: 6 Steps to Improving Employee Attendance and Performance. Retrieved, March 29, 2010, from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/189770/call_centers_6_steps_to_improving_employee. html? cat=31 hrVillage. (n. d. ). Employee Productivity. Retrieved, March 29, 2010, from http://www. hrvillage. com/human-resources/employee-productivity. htm Jex, S. M. Britt, T. W. (2008). Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach, 2nd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley and sons. How to cite Productive and Counterproductive Behavior, Papers

Suicide And Its Relativity To Stephen KingS Suffer The Little C

Suicide And Its Relativity To Stephen KingS Suffer The Little Children Suicide and its relativity to Stephen Kings Suffer the Little Children Suicide is defined as an intentional, self-inflicted death that occurs in all cultures and usually is executed by people who are suffering from some sort of extreme emotional pain and feel unable to cope with their problems (Shneidman 6). Suicide is seen in our culture to be something that happens to only the crazy people. But the reality is that normal, everyday people commit suicide as well. Since suicidology is a fairly new field of scientific study there is still much to learn about it. Some theories and other scientific information have been discovered and are very interesting. In Stephen Kings Suffer the Little Children a teacher suffers from fear, anxiety, defeat, and delusional attributes and the end result was twelve students murdered the suicide of herself. These symptoms of suicide are explained later in the research paper. Suicide began being studied scientifically a little over one century ago by a man named Emile Durkheim. But the specialized study of the causes associated with suicide and suicidal behaviors, as well the assessment, treatment, management, and prevention of such behaviors, has only been recorded in the last half of this century (Maris 1). Why do humans kill themselves? Each day people go out into the workplace, school, or some sort of other activity and experience the threat of failure; what degree that possible threat my affect is a whole different story. We all know that life is sometimes enjoyable, usually routine, and almost always difficult. We experience happiness and joy along with contentment and love. Much of our life is also taken up by the routine, everyday, and emotionally neutral actions of life. Then on the flip side there are the negative emotions that we feel like sorrow, shame, humiliation, fear, dread, defeat, and anxiety. When we digest these negative emotions psychological anguish and disturbance can be the result (Meyer 23-24). Regrettably, some people live in a state of constant disturbance. This disturbance is sometimes caused by physical pain, but usually psychological pain. The teacher (Miss Sidley) in Suffer the Little Children seems to have taught for a long time and is very strict. I believ e she got burned out teaching and was waiting for someone to violate her, but nobody ever did. So to compensate she imagined that the students were one by one becoming evil starting with one particular boy named Robert. After class one day she stood in her classroom thinking, What was it I saw when he changed? Something bulbous. Something that shimmered. Something that stared at me, yes, stared and grinned and wasnt a child at all. It was old and it was evil and(Meyer 538). This delusion that was just taken out of the story is due to psychological pain. Psychological pain is the main contributor of suicide. Psychological pain is not the same as bodily or physical pain. It is how you feel as a person; how you feel in your mind. It refers to how much you hurt as a human being. It is mental suffering; mental torment. Suicide is never the end result of joy or contentment. Pain by its very nature makes us want to stop whatever action we are doing or escape from it (Lester 34-37). When a person is likely to take his or her own life in the near feature it is called lethality (suicidality). When dealing with a highly suicidal individual, it is not useful to directly address the lethality of their particular situation (Shneidman 31). The effective way to counsel a suicidal person is to approach them with the question of why they are in this situation and what mental thoughts led them into the state of killing themselves. You basically try to do anything to lessen the persons lethal thoughts. Perturbation is also a key factor in lethality. This is felt pain. Alone, mental anguish is not lethal, but mixed with perturbation makes a deadly formula for self-inflicted death. Perturbation supplies the motivation for suicide and lethality is the terminal trigger. (Shneidman 32-33). Miss Sidley finally had to find a way to deal with felt pain that she